
Women's Sport from 440 BC to Present
"The solemn periodic manifestation of male sport
based on internationalism, on loyalty as a means, on arts as a background
and the applause of women as a recompense." -- Baron Pierre
de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games.
Since Baron de Coubertin uttered those words in the
late 1890's, the world has changed almost beyond recognition. Instead
of merely applauding the achievements of others, women now wish
to share the spotlight.
Introduction
Consider that no women took part in the first modern
Games in 1896. Today the balance remains weighted in favour of men,
but it is tilting. At the XXVIth Games in Atlanta, for example,
97 of the 271 events were open to women, with 11 contested by both
genders; 3,626 of the 10,629 athletes were women. Of the 307
Canadian athletes who competed in Atlanta, 154 were women and 153
were men,making this the first Canadian Olympic team ever to consist
of more women than men, an impressive shift in a short time.
The movement towards this statistical improvement
has been slow and has by no means been a certainty. Many barriers
to full participation remain on the world stage, although Canada
can point to a measure of progress and some inspiring milestones.
Women and Sport: BC
| 1500 BC |
Female bull jumpers in Crete defy death. |
| 1000 BC |
Atalanta out-wrestles Peleus; the women-only Herean Games take
place in Greece. |
| 440 BC |
Kallipateira sneaks into the Olympic Games and men devise the
first sex test to keep women out. |
| 396 BC |
Princess Kyniska of Sparta is the first female Olympic champion,
winning the chariot race. |
Women and Sport: AD, 1424 - 1929
1424 |
Madame Margot outplays Parisian men at jeu de paume, an early
version of tennis. |
1805 |
Sophie Armant Blanchard solos in a gas-powered balloon. |
1849 |
Bloomers are invented by feminists in New York. |
1900 |
Women are included on the program of the modern Olympic Games
competing in golf and tennis; tennis player Charlotte Cooper of
Great Britain becomes the first woman Olympic champion. |
1900 |
Canadian women climb the Rocky Mountains. |
1905 |
Over the next 35 years, the Edmonton Grads win 502 of 522 basketball
games and four world championships. |
1919 |
Suzanne Lenglen leaves her corset in Nice and makes her Wimbledon
debut 1922
The Fédération sportive féminine internationale organizes the
first Women's Olympic Games in Paris; in one day alone, 20,000
spectators watch 18 world records broken in track and field. |
1923 |
The Edmonton Grads win their first of 17 Canadian championships.
|
1926 |
Alexandrine Gibb spearheads the formation of the Women's Amateur
Athletic Federation of Canada (WAAF) to initiate international competition
for Canadian women; the second Women's Games are held in Gothenburg,
Sweden, with entries from 10 nations. |
1928 |
Florence Bell, Myrtle Cook, Fanny (Bobbie) Rosenfeld and Ethel
Smith win the 400 yd relay at the Amsterdam Olympic Games; Ethel
Catherwood takes gold in the high jump;
Several women collapse at the end of the 800 and the event is
declared dangerous to women and banned until 1960;
Dorothy Prior is the first Canadian woman to compete in Olympic
swimming events;
Staging the only feminist boycott in Olympic history, the British
women stay away from the Games to protest the lack of women's
Olympic events. |
Women and Sport: 1930 -
1969
1930 |
The third Women's Games are held in Prague. |
1932 |
Amelia Earhart flies solo across the Atlantic. |
1934 |
The fourth and last Women's Games are held in London, England.
|
1936 |
The Women's Games are cancelled in exchange for a nine-event Olympic
program for women. |
1938 |
WAAF (Ontario) starts the first coaching development scheme for
women. |
1939 |
Dorothy Walton wins the All-England title, badminton's equivalent
of a world championship. |
1948 |
Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands is the first mother to
be an Olympic gold medallist. |
1950 |
Track, basketball, ice hockey and softball star, coach and sport
columnist Bobbie Rosenfeld is named Outstanding Canadian Woman Athlete
of the Half Century. |
1948 |
Barbara Ann Scott wins the Olympic figure skating title. |
1954 |
Marilyn Bell becomes the first person to swim across Lake Ontario.
|
1956 |
Skier Guiliana Chenal-Minuzzo of Italy is the first woman to take
the Olympic oath at the Opening Ceremony; Marilyn Bell is the first
woman to swim the Straits of Juan de Fuca. |
1961 |
Doris Plewes puts the finishing touches to Bill C-151, which becomes
the Fitness and Amateur Sport Act. |
1962 |
The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act becomes law. |
1966 |
Sex tests (gender verification) for women are adopted in international
sport. |
1968 |
Enriqueta Basilio becomes the first woman to light the Olympic
flame; sex testing of women is introduced at the Mexico Games;
Sandra Post is the first Canadian woman golf professional to
win an American tournament. |
Women and Sport: 1970-1989
1970 |
The Royal Commission on the Status of Women releases its report.
|
1971 |
Debbie Brill becomes the first woman to high jump six feet; she
will dominate her sport throughout the decade. |
1973 |
Snooky Seely sets a world record in shotput at the Stoke Mandeville
Games. |
1974 |
The first National Conference on Women in Sport is held in Toronto
and leads to the creation of Sport Canada's Women's Program. |
1975 |
The United Nations declares International Women's Year; women
tennis players win pay parity at the US Open. |
1976 |
Rowing and basketball become Olympic events for women. |
1980 |
The first Female Athlete Conference is held at Simon Fraser
University and becomes the catalyst for the founding of the Canadian
Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical
Activity (CAAWS);
Fitness and Amateur Sport establishes the Women's Program. |
1981 |
Abby Hoffman is the first woman to be elected to the executive
of the Canadian Olympic Association (COA); later that year she
becomes the first woman to be appointed director of Sport Canada.
Formation of the Canadian Association for the Advancement of
Women and Sport and Physical Education (CAAWS) |
1982 |
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms prohibits discrimination
on the basis of gender. |
1984 |
The first women's Olympic marathon is won by Joan Benoit of the
United States; women's cycling, synchronized swimming, and rhythmic
gymnastics are added to the Olympic calendar. |
1986 |
Sharon Wood is the first Canadian woman to scale Mount Everest.
|
1987 |
Betty Baxter founds the National Coaching School for Women. |
1988 |
Justine Blainey wins the right to play in the all-male Ontario
Hockey Association; the Ontario Human Rights Commission rules
that girls and women cannot be barred from competing in male sports
and on male teams;
tennis returns to the Olympic Games although fewer women than
men will be allowed to compete;
Carol Ann Letheren is the first woman to be chef de mission of
a Canadian Olympic team. |
1980s |
Marathon swimmer Vicky Keith swims across all five of the Great
Lakes. |
Women and Sport: 1990's
1991 |
Judy Kent is the first woman to be selected as
chef de mission by the Commonwealth Games Association of Canada.
Carol Anne Letheren is the first woman to be elected president
of the COA; later that year she becomes the sixth woman named
to the International Olympic Committee. |
1992 |
Equity and accessibility for girls and women in sport are
targeted in the Minister's Task Force Report;
Judo becomes an Olympic event for women; Canadian women rowers
win three gold medals and one bronze at the Barcelona Olympics;
The Canada Games Council adopts wide-ranging gender equity principles.
Canada's women's wheelchair basketball team capture the gold
medal at the Stoke Mandeville Games and at the Paralympic Games
in Barcelona. |
1993 |
Gender balance is incorporated into the guiding principles
of the Canadian Sport Council, the new collective voice of Canada's
sport community;
The International Olympic Committee adds women's soccer and women's
triple jump to the Olympic calendar.
Wheelchair track star Christine Harder is the world champion
and world record holder in 400m and 800m. |
1994 |
Biathlete Myriam Bédard becomes the first Canadian woman to win
two Winter Olympic gold medals with victories in 7.5km and 15km
at Lillehammer. |
|
The International Olympic Committee confirms that women's ice
hockey and women's and men's curling will join the Winter Olympic
program in 1988 at Nagano, Japan. |
|
The first international conference on women and sport with 280
delegates from 82 countries, including 11 Canadians, produced the
Brighton Declaration on Women and Sport, providing the principles
that should guide action to increase female involvement at all levels
and in all functions and roles. |
|
The Commonwealth Games Women in Coaching Program gave 10 Canadian
women international coaching experience and culminated in coaching
positions for each at the 1994 Commonwealth Games. |
|
Judy Kent becomes the first woman to be elected president of the
Commonwealth Games Association of Canada. |
1995 |
With the addition of womens soccer and softball to the calendar
of the 1996 Olympic Games, women will participate in more sports
than ever before; the IOC announces its intention to move quickly
to promote the presence of women within sport and its technical
and administrative structures |
1996 |
3626 women compete at the Olympic Games in Atlanta
32 per cent more than in Barcelona in part due to the recognition
of womens soccer, softball, and triple jump as Olympic events;
The athletes on Canadas Olympic team number 154 women and
153 men; Molly Killingbeck is the first woman to coach Canadas
4 x100m mens relay team at an Olympic Games;
Alex Greaves establishes a milestone in British horse racing
history becoming the first women to ride in the English Derby;
The IOC holds its first World Conference on Women and Sport;
Canadas womens wheelchair basketball team repeats
as Paralympic champions the team has recorded 25 consecutive
wins since 1990;
Egyptian handball player Hanan Eid is forced to take a sex test
at the All-African Games to prove she is not a man;
Womens pole vault is on the program of the European Indoor
Track Championship, the first time the event has been held a a
major international championship |
1997 |
The Central Board of Basketballs international body
agrees to propose that at least five women join its 20-member
board;
The IOC extends the womens field hockey tournament at the
2000 Games from 8 to 10 teams, moving closer to the mens
total of 12 teams; the IOC approves new womens events for
Sydney but does not raise the limit on the numbers of athletes
competing; when women first played at the Games in 1980, six teams
were in the tournament;
For the first time, 50 per cent of the chef de missions at the
Canada Games are women;
Kayaker Caroline Brunet becomes the first woman to win three
gold medals at the world championships |
|
Anita DeFrantz of the United States first woman to be elected
a Vice-President of the International Olympic Committee |
|
Gianna Angelopoulos is the first female president of a bid commitee
to win the right to host an Olympic Games, Athens 2004 |
1998 |
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has approved new women's
events for the 2000 Games in Sydney, but will not expand the limit
on the number of athletes competing. Francois Carrard, the IOC director
general, said that women's skeet and trap shooting and the duet
in synchronized swimming were added to the schedule. Carrard stressed
that the number of athletes would still be within the 10,000 approved
as the maximum for the Games. |
|
The IOC has expanded the Women's Hockey competition from 6 to
8 teams for the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City - Radio
Canada, June 3, 1998 |
|
Ila Borders becomes the first female pitcher
to start a minor league baseball game - |
| |
The International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) announces
that women's pole vault and hammer throw will be added to the 1999
World Championships and 2000 Olympics. |
| |
Women’s Hockey makes it debut at the 1998 Nagano Winter
Olympics. |
| 1999 |
The National Women's Hockey League (1999-2007) is created. |
| |
A settlement is reached in the case of Morrison vs. City of Coquitlam.
A series of principles and initiatives were created including appointing
a Gender Equity Committee and Gender Equity Coordinator for the
City of Coquitlam and establishing a Gender Equity Fund. |
| Women
and Sport: 2000 - |
| 2000 |
Peggy Bouchet, of France, becomes the third woman to row solo
across the Atlantic. |
| 2001 |
Ellen MacArthur, of England, becomes the fastest woman and the
youngest person (age 24) to sail round the world single-handedly
in a nonstop race. |
| 2002 |
Clara Hughes becomes the fourth person, second woman, and only
Canadian to win medals in both Summer and Winter Olympic events. |
| |
Aileen Eaton, of the United States, becomes the first woman to
be inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. |
| 2003 |
Canadian Olympian, Hayley Wickenheiser, becomes the first woman
to score a goal in a men's pro hockey game while playing for Finland's
Kirkkonummen Salamat. |
| 2004 |
Women's wrestling makes its debut at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games
in Athens. |
| |
Sweden's Gunilla Lindberg becomes the second woman in history
elected vice-president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). |
| |
Forty-four percent of the Olympic athletes competing in Athens
were women. Only five countries sent no women athletes, compared
to 12 countries in Sydney in 2000 and 26 countries in Atlanta. |
| 2005 |
The French Open commits to equal prize money for the men's and
women's championships. |
| 2006 |
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Executive Board approves
new quotas for the 2008 Beijing Games. With the new numbers, there
will be there will be 128 more female athletes in Beijing than in
Athens. |
| |
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Cindy Klassen becomes the
first and only Canadian to win 5 medals in a single Olympic Games. |
| |
The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) commits to equal
prize money for male and female competitors. |
| |
Cassie Campbell becomes the first woman to do colour commentary
on a Hockey Night in Canada broadcast at the Air Canada Centre in
Toronto. |
| 2007 |
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) adopts a Consensus
Statement on "Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport".
This document defines the problems, identifies the risk factors
and provides guidelines for prevention and resolution. |
| |
Wimbledon commits to equal pay for male and female champions. |
| 2008 |
Tae Kwondo fighter Sara Khoshjamal, 20, becomes the first Iranian
woman to compete at an Olympic Games. |
| 2008 |
Female ski jumpers from Canada, the United States, Germany, Austria,
Slovenia and Norway sue the Vancouver organizing committee for the
2010 Winter Olympics for not allowing women to compete in ski jumping. |
| 2009 |
Nova Scotia holds its first ever all-women's baseball coaching
clinic. |
| |
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Executive Board confirms
women's boxing will be added to the schedule for the 2012 Olympic
Games in London, England. |
| 2010 |
The Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations changes
its gender equity policy to allow females to play on male sport
teams even when a female team exists. This change comes in response
to Courtney Greer bringing her case all the way to the Human Rights
Tribunal of Ontario. |
| |
Oh Eun-sun, of South Korea, becomes the first woman to climb the
world's 14 highest mountains. |
| |
The Sydney Scoreboard, a measurement tool that will chart the
number of women on sports boards globally, is created as a legacy
of 5thInternational Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG) conference. |
| |
Cammi Granto of the US and Angela James of Canada become the first
women elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame. |
| |
The first ever PRIDE houses were held in Whistler and Vancouver
during the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. |
| |
The LPGA votes to allow transgender women golfers a chance to
play on the tour by eliminating the "female at birth" clause from
the LPGA's constitution. |
Canadian Association for the Advancement
of Women and Sport and Physical Activity
N202 - 801 King Edward Avenue
Ottawa, ON, Canada
K1N 6N5
Phone: 613-562-5667
Fax: 613-562-5668
Email: caaws@caaws.ca
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